Differences Between Federal and State Prosecution

Differences Between Federal and State Prosecution is one of the most important but least understood aspects of the American criminal justice system. The United States operates under a dual-sovereignty system: the federal government and each of the 50 states (plus D.C. and territories) maintain entirely separate criminal codes, prosecutors, courts, law enforcement agencies, prisons, and parole systems. The same conduct—selling fentanyl, robbing a bank, possessing child pornography, committing wire fraud, or assaulting someone—can frequently be charged in either system, or even both.

The choice of forum is one of the single most important factors determining a defendant's fate. Federal sentences are dramatically longer, federal prosecutors have vastly more resources, and federal courts offer fewer paths to early release. Understanding these differences is essential for anyone facing potential criminal charges or navigating the justice system.

Summary

Key Differences at a Glance

Aspect	Federal System	State System
Cases per year	~70,000 felonies (less than 1% of all prosecutions)	10+ million felony and misdemeanor cases
Prosecutors	93 U.S. Attorneys + ~6,000 Assistant U.S. Attorneys	~2,400 elected/appointed District Attorneys + staff
Investigating agencies	FBI, DEA, ATF, IRS-CI, HSI, Postal Inspectors	State police, county sheriffs, city police
Charging process	Grand jury indictment required (Fifth Amendment)	Can file by "information" in most states
Average time served	52 months overall; 74 months (drugs); 78 months (guns)	23 months overall
Parole	Abolished in 1987; supervised release mandatory	34 states still have parole boards
Trial rate	Less than 2% (97-98% plead guilty)	3-8% depending on jurisdiction
Prison operator	Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP)	State Departments of Corrections
Good time credit	Up to 54 days per year (15%)	Varies; often 50% or more
Appeals	One direct appeal + one §2255 motion	Multiple appeals typically allowed

Jurisdiction: What Makes a Crime Federal?

Exclusively Federal Crimes

Certain offenses can only be prosecuted in federal court because they involve uniquely federal interests:

• Tax crimes – Tax evasion, filing false returns (IRS jurisdiction)
• Immigration violations – Illegal entry, visa fraud, harboring undocumented persons
• Crimes on federal property – Offenses committed on military bases, national parks, federal buildings
• Counterfeiting – Manufacturing or passing counterfeit currency
• Mail fraud – Using the postal system to commit fraud
• Offenses against federal officials – Assaulting, threatening, or bribing federal employees
• Social Security and Medicare fraud – Defrauding federal benefit programs
• Federal regulatory violations – SEC violations, OSHA violations, environmental crimes under federal statutes
• Espionage and treason – Crimes against national security

Crimes Typically Prosecuted Federally

These offenses usually go federal due to their scope or federal policy priorities:

• Large multi-state drug or money-laundering conspiracies
• Dark-web offenses and major cybercrime
• Federal-program fraud over $100 million
• Child pornography production and distribution
• Terrorism and domestic terrorism
• Sanctions violations
• Public corruption involving federal funds
• RICO prosecutions against organized crime

Crimes Typically Prosecuted by States

These offenses usually remain in state court:

• Street-level drug sales
• DUI/DWI
• Simple assault and battery
• Burglary and theft
• Most local sex offenses
• Murder and manslaughter (unless on federal property or involving federal officials)
• Robbery (unless federally insured bank)

Concurrent Jurisdiction

Many crimes can be prosecuted in either system, creating concurrent jurisdiction. Examples include:

• Bank robbery (federal if FDIC-insured bank; state as armed robbery)
• Carjacking (federal statute and state statutes)
• Felon in possession of firearm (18 U.S.C. § 922(g) and state laws)
• Mid-level drug distribution (federal trafficking and state distribution)
• Wire fraud (federal) and state theft/fraud statutes
• Securities fraud (federal SEC violations and state blue-sky laws)

When a case can be brought in either system, defendants and their lawyers almost universally prefer state court because of shorter sentences, broader discovery in many reformed jurisdictions, and far more realistic paths to early release.

The Dual Sovereignty Doctrine

Can You Be Prosecuted Twice?

Yes. Under the dual sovereignty doctrine, affirmed by the Supreme Court in Gamble v. United States (2019), the federal government and state governments are separate sovereigns. The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment only prohibits successive prosecutions by the same sovereign.

This means:

• If acquitted in state court, you can still be prosecuted in federal court for the same conduct
• If convicted in state court, you can still be prosecuted in federal court
• If prosecuted federally, you can subsequently face state charges
• If convicted in both systems, you serve both sentences (though often concurrently)

The Rodney King Example

The most famous application of dual sovereignty occurred after the 1991 Rodney King beating. Los Angeles Police officers were acquitted of assault charges in California state court (Ventura County). Subsequently, some of the same officers were prosecuted and convicted in federal court for violating King's civil rights—arising from the exact same incident. This was constitutionally permissible because California and the federal government are separate sovereigns.

Practical Reality

Despite the legal ability to prosecute in both systems, successive prosecutions are relatively rare. Federal and state prosecutors typically coordinate to avoid duplicative efforts. The federal government usually defers when the state has already secured a substantial sentence, intervening primarily when:

• State prosecution resulted in acquittal or minimal sentence
• The case involves significant federal interests (civil rights violations, public corruption)
• Additional charges are available only under federal law

Prosecutors and Investigative Resources

Federal Prosecutors

Federal cases are prosecuted by:

• 93 U.S. Attorneys – Presidentially appointed and Senate-confirmed; one for each federal judicial district
• ~6,000 Assistant U.S. Attorneys (AUSAs) – Career prosecutors who handle the bulk of trial work
• Main Justice – The Department of Justice in Washington, D.C., including specialized divisions (Tax, Criminal, Civil Rights, National Security)

Federal prosecutors are:

• Highly specialized (often focusing on specific crime types)
• Well-resourced with substantial budgets
• Backed by elite investigative agencies (FBI, DEA, ATF, IRS Criminal Investigation, HSI, Postal Inspectors, and dozens of inspectors general)
• Subject to nationwide policies from DOJ leadership

The U.S. Attorney General, appointed by the President, has supervisory authority over all federal prosecutors.

State Prosecutors

State cases are handled by:

• ~2,400 District Attorneys (or State's Attorneys, County Attorneys, Commonwealth's Attorneys depending on state)
• Deputy/Assistant District Attorneys who handle most trials
• State Attorneys General who handle appeals and some specialized prosecutions

State prosecutors:

• Are usually locally elected (exceptions: Alaska, Connecticut, New Jersey where they are appointed)
• Have highly variable resources—Manhattan DA's office has 500+ lawyers; many rural counties have 2-3 total
• Work with state police, county sheriffs, and local police departments
• Answer primarily to local voters, not centralized authority

Investigative Agencies

Federal vs. State Law Enforcement

Federal Agencies	State/Local Agencies
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)	State Police/Highway Patrol
DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration)	County Sheriff's Department
ATF (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives)	City/Municipal Police
IRS Criminal Investigation	State Bureaus of Investigation
HSI (Homeland Security Investigations)	District Attorney Investigators
U.S. Postal Inspection Service	State Gaming/Alcohol Enforcement
U.S. Secret Service	State Financial Crimes Units
U.S. Marshals Service	Local Drug Task Forces

Federal agencies have nationwide jurisdiction and massive budgets. The FBI alone has over 35,000 employees. State and local agencies typically have jurisdiction limited to their state, county, or city, though joint task forces allow cooperation.

The Court Systems

Federal Courts

• U.S. District Courts – Trial courts; 94 districts across the country
• U.S. Courts of Appeals – 13 circuits handling appeals from district courts
• U.S. Supreme Court – Final appellate court
• Federal judges – Appointed by the President, confirmed by the Senate, serve lifetime terms
• Federal magistrate judges – Handle preliminary matters, appointed for 8-year terms

State Courts

• Trial Courts – Various names (Superior Court, Circuit Court, District Court, Court of Common Pleas)
• Intermediate Appellate Courts – Most states have them
• State Supreme Courts – Final authority on state law
• State judges – Selected by election, appointment, or hybrid systems; usually fixed terms

Key Procedural Differences

Procedural Comparison

Procedure	Federal	State (varies)
Charging	Grand jury indictment required	"Information" filing common
Discovery	Broad, early (Brady, Giglio, Jencks, Rule 16)	Varies: some open-file, some "trial by ambush"
Speedy Trial	70-day clock from indictment	Often 12-36 months to trial
Bail	Detention hearings; presumption of release	Varies widely; bail reform in some states
Plea rate	97-98% plead guilty	92-97% plead guilty
Trial rate	Less than 2%	3-8%

Sentencing: The Critical Difference

Federal Sentencing

Federal sentencing is governed by the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, which calculate a recommended sentence based on:

• Offense level (severity of crime)
• Criminal history category
• Specific offense characteristics and enhancements

While the Guidelines are now advisory (following United States v. Booker, 2005), judges must still calculate them and explain any variances. Numerous mandatory minimum sentences still exist, particularly for:

• Drug offenses (5, 10, 20 years to life)
• Firearms offenses (5, 7, 10, 25, 30 years)
• Child exploitation (15, 25, 35 years to life)
• Repeat offenders (career criminal enhancements)

Average federal sentences (time served):

• Overall: 52 months
• Drug trafficking: 74 months
• Firearms offenses: 78 months
• Fraud: 28 months

Federal inmates typically serve 85% of their sentence, with limited good-time credit (up to 54 days per year). Parole was abolished in 1987; instead, defendants receive mandatory supervised release (1-5 years or life) following imprisonment.

State Sentencing

State sentencing varies enormously:

• Some states have guidelines; many allow broad judicial discretion
• Many states have eliminated or sharply curtailed mandatory minimums
• Good-time credits are often more generous (sometimes 50% or more)
• 34 states still have parole boards with discretionary release
• Compassionate, medical, and elderly release programs are more common

Average state sentences (time served):

• Overall: 23 months
• Even violent felonies rarely exceed 7-10 years in most jurisdictions

Prisons: Federal vs. State

Federal Bureau of Prisons

The BOP operates:

• 122 federal prisons across five security levels (Minimum/Camp, Low, Medium, High, Administrative)
• Generally newer, less overcrowded facilities
• Standardized programming (RDAP, education, vocational training)
• Limited compassionate release and good-time opportunities
• No parole; mandatory supervised release upon completion

See: Security Levels in Federal Prisons, Residential Drug Abuse Program (RDAP)

State Prisons

State Departments of Corrections operate:

• Varying quality and conditions (some excellent, many severely overcrowded)
• Usually three security levels (Maximum, Medium, Minimum)
• More paths to early release (parole, expanded good-time)
• Often more violent due to overcrowding
• Widely varying programming quality

See: Index of Federal Prison Facilities

Collateral Consequences

Federal Convictions

A federal felony conviction triggers nationwide, permanent disabilities:

• Permanent firearms ban (18 U.S.C. § 922(g))
• Loss of eligibility for security clearances
• Severe immigration consequences (deportation for non-citizens)
• Ineligibility for many federal benefits and programs
• Difficulty obtaining professional licenses
• Very limited expungement possibilities

State Convictions

State convictions have highly variable consequences:

• Many states automatically restore voting rights (see Voting Rights for Felons)
• Expungement and record sealing available in most states
• Firearms rights may be restorable under state law (though federal ban remains)
• Professional licensing varies by state and offense type
• Less impact on federal benefits

Appeals and Post-Conviction Relief

Federal System

• One direct appeal to the Circuit Court of Appeals
• One § 2255 motion (federal habeas corpus) with strict one-year deadline
• Actual innocence claims are extremely difficult to raise
• Very narrow grounds for relief

See: Federal Habeas Corpus: Section 2255, Direct Appeal Procedures

State System

• Multiple appeals typically allowed
• State habeas corpus often more expansive
• Some states allow successive petitions
• Innocence projects have greater success in state courts
• Varies significantly by state

Common Misconceptions

"Federal charges are more serious"

Not necessarily. While federal sentences are longer, the seriousness of a crime depends on the conduct, not the forum. A state murder conviction is more "serious" than a federal misdemeanor. However, for the same conduct, federal prosecution typically results in worse outcomes for defendants.

"If the FBI investigates, you'll be charged federally"

Not always. The FBI and other federal agencies often work on joint task forces with state and local police. They may develop evidence that is ultimately prosecuted in state court. The decision on which forum to use depends on many factors including resources, sentence exposure, and policy priorities.

"Double jeopardy prevents being charged in both systems"

False. The dual sovereignty doctrine explicitly allows both federal and state prosecution for the same conduct. This is not double jeopardy because the state and federal governments are separate sovereigns.

"You can choose whether to be prosecuted federally or by the state"

False. Defendants have no right to choose their forum. Prosecutors make this decision, and when both have jurisdiction, they may coordinate or compete for the case. Defense attorneys may attempt to influence this decision, but there is no guarantee.

"Federal prison is easier than state prison"

Debatable. Federal facilities are generally newer and less overcrowded, but federal sentences are much longer and offer fewer paths to early release. The total experience may be worse despite better daily conditions.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: What is the difference between federal and state charges?

Federal charges involve violations of federal law prosecuted by U.S. Attorneys in federal courts. State charges involve violations of state law prosecuted by district attorneys in state courts. Federal crimes typically cross state lines, involve federal property or agencies, or concern federal interests like tax fraud or interstate drug trafficking. The same conduct can sometimes be charged in either system or both.

Q: Can you be charged by both state and federal government for the same crime?

Yes. Under the dual sovereignty doctrine upheld in Gamble v. United States (2019), the state and federal governments are separate sovereigns. Being prosecuted by both is not double jeopardy. The Rodney King case is a famous example: officers acquitted in state court were later convicted in federal court for the same incident.

Q: Are federal sentences longer than state sentences?

Yes, significantly. Federal sentences average 52 months served overall (74 months for drugs, 78 for firearms). State sentences average 23 months. Federal courts have mandatory minimums and abolished parole in 1987. Defendants and lawyers almost universally prefer state court when given a choice.

Q: What is the difference between federal and state prison?

Federal prisons are operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) and house people convicted of federal crimes. State prisons are operated by state governments for state crimes. Federal facilities are generally newer and less overcrowded with five security levels. Inmates typically serve 85% of their sentence. State prisons vary widely in quality but offer more early release options.

Q: Who decides whether to file federal or state charges?

Prosecutors from both systems can independently decide to file charges when conduct violates both laws. In practice, they often coordinate. Federal prosecutors may defer smaller cases to states while taking large-scale, interstate, or high-profile cases. There is no right to be prosecuted in one system over the other.

Q: What crimes are always federal?

Exclusively federal crimes include tax evasion, immigration violations, crimes on federal property, counterfeiting, mail fraud, offenses against federal officials, Social Security fraud, and federal regulatory violations. Crimes almost always prosecuted federally include large drug conspiracies, terrorism, child pornography production/distribution, and securities fraud.

Q: Do federal courts have juries?

Yes, but trials are rare—fewer than 2% of federal cases go to trial. When they do occur, they take place in U.S. District Courts before federal judges (lifetime appointments) and juries. Federal felonies require grand jury indictment under the Fifth Amendment, unlike many state systems.

Q: Which is worse, a state or federal conviction?

Federal convictions are generally considered worse: longer sentences, no parole, mandatory supervised release, permanent nationwide firearms ban, difficulty obtaining expungement, and more limited appeals. State convictions vary but typically offer more paths to early release and rights restoration. However, state prison conditions are often worse due to overcrowding.

See also

• Federal Sentencing Guidelines
• Wire Fraud
• Bank Fraud
• Money Laundering
• Drug Trafficking
• Security Levels in Federal Prisons
• Index of Federal Prison Facilities
• Voting Rights for Felons
• Direct Appeal Procedures
• Federal Habeas Corpus: Section 2255

External Links

• Bureau of Justice Statistics – Federal vs. State Comparison
• Justice Manual – Principles of Federal Prosecution
• U.S. Sentencing Commission – Federal Sentencing Guidelines